The goal of the U.S. family immigration system is to keep close family members together. That simple idea is carried out through a detailed set of visa categories and eligibility rules. In broad terms, there are two major paths for family-based immigration.

One category covers immediate relatives of U.S. citizens, such as spouses, unmarried children under twenty-one, and parents of U.S. citizens over twenty-one. These cases are not limited by annual numerical caps, which often means that once approved, they can move more quickly through the system.

The other category covers family preference cases. These include adult sons and daughters of U.S. citizens, spouses and unmarried children of lawful permanent residents, married children of U.S. citizens, and siblings of U.S. citizens. These cases are subject to annual limits and are processed according to priority dates, which means some families may face longer waits depending on the country of origin and the relationship.

Even when eligibility is clear, the process itself involves many steps. Petitions must be filed correctly and supported with evidence. Affidavits of support must show that the petitioning family member can meet financial requirements. Families need to decide whether the immigrant will apply for an immigrant visa through a consulate abroad or through adjustment of status from within the United States. Each decision has legal and timing consequences.